A groundbreaking study led by University of Miami scientist Shimon Wdowinski shows that earthquakes, including the recent 2010 temblors in Haiti and Taiwan, may be triggered by tropical cyclones (hurricanes and typhoons).
"Very wet rain events are the trigger," said Wdowinski, associate research professor of marine geology and geophysics at UM's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. "The heavy rain induces thousands of landslides and severe erosion, which removes ground material from the Earth's surface, releasing the stress load and encouraging movement along faults."
Wdowinski and a colleague from Florida International University analyzed data from quakes of magnitude-6 and above in Taiwan and Haiti, where large earthquakes occurred within four years after a very wet tropical cyclone season, and found a strong temporal relationship between the two natural hazards.
During the last 50 years three very wet tropical cyclone eventsā"Typhoons Morakot, Herb, and Flossieā"were followed within four years by major earthquakes in Taiwan's mountainous regions. The 2009 Morakot typhoon was followed by a magnitude-6.2 quake in 2009 and a magnitude-6.4 in 2010. The 1996 Typhoon Herb was followed by a magnitude-6.2 in 1998 and a magnitude-7.6 in 1999, and the 1969 Typhoon Flossie was followed by a magnitude-6.2 in 1972.
The 2010 magnitude-7 earthquake in Haiti occurred in the mountainous region one-and-a-half years after two hurricanes and two tropical storms drenched the island nation within 25 days.
The researchers suggest that rain-induced landslides and excess rain carry eroded material downstream. As a result the surface load above the fault is lessened. "The reduced load unclamps the faults, which can promote an earthquake," said Wdowinski.
Fractures in Earth's bedrock from the movement of tectonic plates, known as faults, build up stress as they attempt to slide past each other, periodically releasing the stress in the form of an earthquake.
According to the scientists, this earthquake-triggering mechanism is only viable on inclined faults, where the rupture by these faults has a significant vertical movement.
Wdowinski's study also suggests a trend in the tropical cyclone-earthquake pattern exists in magnitiude-5 and above earthquakes. The researchers plan to analyze patterns in other seismically active mountainous regions, such as the Philippines and Japan, that are subjected to tropical cyclone activity.